Coding Style

Naming Conventions

Use CamelCase for class names and snake_case for functions and variable names.

✅ Do:

class MyClass:
    def my_function():
        total_sum = 42

❌ Don't:

class myclass:
    def MyFunction():
        MyVariable = 42

Indentation

Use 4 spaces per indentation level. Never use tabs.

✅ Do:

def function():
    if condition:
        do_something()

❌ Don't:

def function():
  if condition:
      do_something()  # mixing spaces

Line Breaks

Break lines before binary operators for better readability.

✅ Do:

total = (
    first_variable
    + second_variable
    + third_variable
)

❌ Don't:

total = (first_variable +
         second_variable +
         third_variable)

Blank Lines

Use two blank lines between top-level items, one within classes.

✅ Do:

def first_function():
    pass


class MyClass:
    def method1(self):
        pass

    def method2(self):
        pass

❌ Don't:

def first_function():
    pass
class MyClass:
    def method1(self):
        pass
    def method2(self):
        pass

Whitespace

Use one space around binary operators, maintaining consistency.

✅ Do:

num += 1
x = x * 2 - 1
c = (a + b) * (a - b)

❌ Don't:

num+=1
x=x*2-1
c=(a+b)*(a-b)

Nested Functions

Place nested functions directly after the first line of the main function, before any other code.

✅ Do:

def main_function(data):
    def sub_function(x):
        return x * 2

    result = []
    return result

❌ Don't:

def main_function(data):
    # Don't put code before nested function
    result = []
    
    def sub_function(x):  # Wrong placement
        return x * 2
        
    return result

List Comprehensions

Use list comprehensions for simple transformations only. Prefer regular loops for complex logic.

✅ Do:

# Simple transformation
squares = [x * x for x in numbers]

# Complex logic belongs in a loop
results = []
for x in numbers:
    if complex_condition(x):
        y = complex_calculation(x)
        results.append(y)

❌ Don't:

# Too complex for comprehension
squares = [complex_calculation(x) 
          for x in numbers 
          if complex_condition(x)]

Default Arguments

Never use mutable objects as default arguments.

✅ Do:

def my_function(items=None):
    if items is None:
        items = []
    items.append(1)
    return items

❌ Don't:

def my_function(items=[]):  # Bug: shared list
    items.append(1)
    return items

Context Managers

Use context managers (with statement) for managing resources.

✅ Do:

with open('file.txt', 'r') as f:
    content = f.read()
    # file automatically closes

❌ Don't:

f = open('file.txt', 'r')
content = f.read()
f.close()  # Might not close if error occurs

Error Handling

Be specific with exceptions and keep try blocks small.

✅ Do:

try:
    value = int(user_input)
except ValueError:
    print("Please enter a valid number")
else:
    process_number(value)

❌ Don't:

try:
    value = int(user_input)
    process_number(value)
    save_to_database(value)
except Exception as e:  # Too broad
    print(f"Error: {e}")